AMANE Urban Intelligent Security Vehicles in Morocco: Ethical and Political Civil Society Preoccupations

I. Introduction

The management and planning of urban affairs by integrating the potential of artificial intelligence (AI), which is currently experiencing an unprecedented rise globally, including security, control, and surveillance technologies, etc., constitute a considerable margin in this digital revolution in which Morocco is involved. The General Directorate of National Security (DGSN), in Morocco, by taking advantage of this transformation in Moroccan cities, estimates the deployment of a vehicle called AMAN supported by AI potentials, which is part of a national strategy aimed at improving management and surveillance and consolidating security and public stability (Sabir & Amine, 2020). This initiative involves the integration of smart vehicles equipped with technological capabilities for surveillance, facial recognition, and sophisticated equipment supported by AI, to improve urban security services operations and counter public threats and security menaces (Bergh et al., 2024). This not only demonstrates the importance of consolidating the operations of police and urban security services, but it also marks a strategic turning point in Morocco’s orientations towards the implementation of advanced technologies in urban management and planning processes.

However, this initiative has sparked a wave of ethical and political questions within Moroccan civil society circles. Critics of the AMAN initiative base their reservations by pointing to the implications of similar initiatives at the international level, raising questions about privacy (Shah et al., 2023), criticising the transparency of on-the-ground decisions made by the teams of these vehicles (Ardabili et al., 2022), and expressing concern about the modalities of surveillance and control issued by these vehicles (Cranshaw, 2013). Civil society in Morocco can express its concern about the massive integration of this initiative without the necessary considerations of the unforeseen implications of these technologies on fundamental rights and essential freedoms.

According to Shah (2023), the algorithms of security technologies supported by AI potentials can, in some cases of malfunction, target specific social categories or ideological entities and racial or ethnic groups specifically, further fuelling the debate around freedoms and fundamental rights by unintentionally adding to social inequalities. Moreover, Bergh (2024) argues that there are other issues regarding the deployment of urban technologies, generally during their integration and deployment, which, in the absence of transparency, trust, and the desire to maximise the profile, can deviate from the objectives of good governance, giving more advantages to the massive and rapid deployment of these technologies and initiatives, at the expense of ethical and rights considerations. These authors believe, based on these ideas, that the situation will lead to a degradation of democracy and will result in the strengthening of unbalanced and algorithm-dependent security measures, and that under these conditions, it will be rejected by Moroccan civil society, which defends democratic values and good governance.

Chouraik (2024) stipulates in these studies that the vulnerabilities associated with the deployment processes of modern technologies to improve urban planning and management and consolidate social security and stability measures are not always – according to the Moroccan context – solely related to surveillance measures or control biases, as this author draws attention to the importance of cybersecurity flaws and gaps in vital digital infrastructure systems in Morocco generally. Lafram and Bahji (2024) argue along the same lines, basing their analysis on the probabilities of system vulnerabilities in the face of the rise in cyberattacks targeting these connected devices, of which the AMAN vehicle is a part. This can lead, according to these authors, to data breaches, including a decline in citizens’ trust in the state’s ability to keep their data and privacy safe and away from cyber threats. In this context, we believe that this will also increase citizens’ doubt in urban management and planning processes based on the potential of AI to improve urban governance, and it rings the bell on the need for rapid intervention to strengthen the cybersecurity of systems generally used in vital urban infrastructures and specifically in this type of vehicle.

Considering that these vehicles aim to improve security and consolidate stability, the questions surrounding them pose more challenges and issues that require in-depth answers. The ethical, political, and social challenges that these devices expose Moroccan society to require the implementation of a broader strategy that takes into account the concerns of civil society regarding transparency and accountability. In this intervention, we want to reposition Morocco in the international debate regarding the processes of integrating planning technologies supported by AI potentials in the field of urban security, and also support the path of questions in this area, calling for in-depth examinations of the challenges and issues posed by these devices against the democratic situation in Morocco generally, and finally encourage the implementation of specific frameworks to align security requirements with civil society’s demands for rights and freedoms, good governance, and state accountability.

II. General Framework on Intelligent Urban Security Vehicles

The presentation of the vehicle named AMAN by the DGSN demonstrates Morocco’s commitment to responsible engagement in international projects and initiatives, as well as global trends related to the improvement of urban planning and management through modern technologies, including its internal commitment to national projects aimed at enhancing security operations and the intelligent management of Moroccan cities. This vehicle, introduced into this process, especially in similar experiences, has multiple capabilities based on the potential of AI in data collection and analysis.

Furthermore, this vehicle is also equipped with vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems, as well as vehicle-to-nearby secure digital infrastructure (V2I) systems (Docia et al., 2024). The innovation in this coupling between such sophisticated communication and the potential for data collection and analysis lies in the real-time exchange of data between these vehicles, which perfects their ability to analyse the flow of collected data and information. In addition, their coordination and real-time information exchange will optimise time and improve feedback from field operations of security services and strengthen social stability according to Sabir and Amine (2022).

With the help of the technological potentials they possess, these vehicles are prepared for large-scale surveillance operations, rapid analysis of areas suspected of instability, preventive detection of security and criminal threats, and assisting decision-makers in producing high-quality decisions related to field interventions (Bhatti et al., 2019). In addition to activities and services in the security and criminal field, these vehicles are also integrated to contribute to traffic organisation and the prevention of road hazards. The AMAN initiative indeed aligns with Morocco’s efforts to integrate into the forum and the international community of smart cities and the trend of digitalisation of cities and urban infrastructures, including encouraging the generalisation of this type of policy to other areas and sectors.

In addition to the potentials and services it offers, the AMAN vehicle can also provide multiple advantages by improving the national security sector.  The integration of this type of vehicle equipped with advanced technologies and AI capabilities contributes to the improvement of urban security by optimising response time to incidents and enhancing decision-making in crises or uncertain situations.  The tools used in this vehicle also help to refine incident detection thanks to AI capabilities, which aid in perfecting predictive analysis and thus prevent crime by triggering automated alerts before the situation worsens (Zhang et al., 2016).  The potential of AI attributed to the vehicle’s driving system and its connection with urban location systems also allows security services to optimise intervention time by avoiding the longest routes and those far from the event or action requiring intervention.  In addition, the AI capabilities integrated into these intelligent vehicles also allow, by using their predictive models, to reduce human presence in decision-making processes by limiting bureaucracy and time loss while waiting for decisions from central authorities distanced from the situation (Mohsen, 2024). 

This will also help by optimising time and improving decision-making, as well as avoiding human uncertainty and fear in situations requiring crucial decisions.  In addition to security and criminal tasks, the potential of this vehicle can go further by contributing to the improvement of traffic and circulation flows in cities adopting this initiative, including the enhancement of road safety (Avcı and Koca, 2024).  In this road sector, and according to Taeihagh (2018), these vehicles, already used in some experiments, in addition to helping optimise fuel consumption thanks to their mastery of urban road routes, supported the sustainable management of municipal energy resources and avoided undesirable environmental impacts.

The adoption of this project, which makes national security vehicles intelligent, will help Morocco improve its positioning and indexing in the general debate around smart cities at the continental and regional levels.  Moreover, the integration of AI potentials into the vehicles under discussion, named AMAN, will transform the use of computer systems in the field of urban security transportation by offering unprecedented potentials to strengthen national security and consolidate urban stability.  Indeed, we know that knowledge and writings about AMAN national security vehicles are limited, and for this reason, we believe that this desire to integrate this project constitutes not only a security need.  But yet, a profound initiative to consolidate the general process of transforming Moroccan cities into internationally recognised smart cities.  This willingness also complements the aforementioned, with what the automotive sector promised in the development of automotive applications, traffic management systems (Adoni et al., 2022), communication systems applying V2V and V2I connectivity (Sabir and Amine, 2020). 

The digitisation of secure transportation is the result of the overall development of the Moroccan automotive sector, specifically the electric automotive industries sector.  Based on specific initiatives, and which encourages sectoral policies that seek to optimise energy resources and integrate sustainability into industrial and logistical processes, the digitisation of secure vehicles in Morocco constitutes a cornerstone in ministerial plans and public policies of the Moroccan State and the direct result of the accumulation of successes by national elites in computer science, including the automotive industry.  According to the promises made by the developers of the AMAN vehicle, this project will directly contribute to the strengthening of urban security, and we also believe that it will draw attention to the dangers and threats related to the cybersecurity of these vehicles, as well as the ethical and rights issues and challenges posed by these intelligent automobiles.

III. Impacts on Ethics and Politics

The adoption of the AMAN project with the disadvantages prohibited by law and ethics raises several questions and challenges the benefits of circulating technologies on these vehicles in the streets of Moroccan cities.  The advantageous technological potentials that these vehicles promise have not managed to discourage civil actors and researchers from thinking about and questioning their compliance with legal and ethical requirements and analysing their impacts on privacy, data collection methods, storage and security of sensitive data, and thus the close monitoring and surveillance of citizens’ activities, as the surveillance and control technologies integrated into these vehicles perform their tasks automatically and collect data without the targeted citizens giving their consent to these operations (Nandy, 2023). 

From these ideas, we can add that concerns are heightened because, alongside the technical issues mentioned above, the surveillance technologies embedded in these vehicles do not guarantee a reasonable balance between the means used in these operations and the objectives aimed at social security and stability, where proportionality as a legal principle will certainly be affected, and the right to privacy will also be eroded (Acquach & Epperson, 2017). 

Konigs (2022) adds in this regard that the technological surveillance potentials used in similar vehicles in international experiences have led to some abusive and unlawful exploitations, demonstrating that these technologies can serve the consolidation of security control and political dominance, or even be used to support illegitimate activities or an immoral situation.  According to this logic, although the technologies under debate offer us several advantages that facilitate human life and improve and optimise human tasks, they can endanger the democratic legitimacy and political stability of a nation admitting these technologies without the necessary restrictions.  Defenders of private liberties can base their claims on this, arguing that this project and these technologies support police overreach and the abuse of the law by corrupt urban bodies against society.  Dastbaz and Haplin (2013) support this idea by demonstrating that these technologies serve in these cases for political or social repression and the targeting of vulnerable social categories or marginalised groups.

According to Nandy (2023), the massive integration of surveillance and control technologies in these vehicles without considering the legal and ethical implications posed challenges to fundamental rights and freedoms and threatened the integrity of laws related to gatherings, association, demonstrations, and expression. Dastbaz (2013) also claims the dangers posed by these technologies, which can be used against vulnerable social groups, who already suffer from inequalities and discriminatory policies neglecting their rights and freedoms, thereby encouraging social divisions within societies and in our case, Moroccan society.

In this regard, also basing urban security measures on surveillance and control technologies at the expense of related social policies can ultimately lead to a deterioration of citizens’ trust in urban social security policies and will also fuel individuals’ distrust towards their local or even central governments and their ability to ensure the rule of law, law enforcement, and accountability. This can lead, according to Koniger (2022), to a social rejection of these projects and any other related technological integrations that are misaligned with their protection objectives, to strengthen social stability and urban security, including increased uncertainty towards state, political, and security institutions. Public stability and societal cooperation between societal entities with national institutions are deteriorating and in danger if decision-makers continue to neglect the situation by prioritising urban stability and national security at the expense of legal and ethical requirements.

Other factors add to increase political and ethical concerns and thus rights. The regional and international geopolitical context also contributes to encouraging Morocco to integrate into this process of integrating surveillance and control technologies circulating in intelligent vehicles called AMAN. The rise of transnational organised crime, terrorism, border challenges, and multiple security threats negatively impacts the internal security situation and forces decision-makers to rethink effective policies, plans, and strategies to counter these security and defensive threats. Although this context can contribute to the strengthening of security measures and stabilise the situation, it can also lead to large-scale social and political disruptions if citizens’ trust continues to decline in national and local governance bodies, and they also become wary of the institutions’ ability to uphold the law and protect fundamental freedoms against internal encroachments and foreign pressures.

These latter ones force the State and national security agencies to integrate into national security digitisation processes, thereby reinforcing the imbalance between democratic values and national security requirements. To overcome this situation of mistrust and imbalance, Morocco must simultaneously integrate into a process of strengthening transparency, supporting accountability mechanisms, reinforcing the presence of law and the protection of freedoms, etc., instead of giving prominence to the issues of the surrounding context and the internal security challenges that arise.

IV. Positioning of Civil Society

Due to the challenges and issues posed by the technologies integrated into intelligent urban and national security vehicles, civil society at the international level has begun to take an interest and ask questions about the implications and impacts of these technologies on society.  In this regard, in Morocco, we can note a few attempts where Moroccan civil society has begun to take an interest in the field of interactions between technology, democracy, and law, trying to present its vision and demands in order to guide and direct the debate towards respect for the law, transparency, democratic values, etc. The fact that civil society at the international level, including in Morocco, is a respectable actor on the political and social scene justifies its concerns and fears at the local level, given the potential violations of the rule of law and fundamental freedoms by the technologies of the AMAN project. 

However, the role of civil society in this area, criticising potential violations of the law and fundamental freedoms, according to Grad Rusu (2023), and following international experiences, should not be limited to pointing fingers at probable excesses by authorities using these systems for the establishment of urban security. But, it should go beyond that towards action, awareness, and public guidance on these issues, as these roles have become paramount in the task of civil society to increase civil awareness around threats and impacts against rights and democracy. 

According to Serrat (2017), the role of civil society, especially in advocating against practices that bias democratic processes and the applicability of the law and the attribution of responsibilities due to the unfair use of these technologies, also lies in its contribution to the consolidation of transparency and citizen awareness around these challenges and issues and strengthens their confidence in national governance institutions and their ability to guarantee their rights and protect freedoms. The reports and awareness campaigns that civil society conducts on these issues contribute to the establishment of urban security governance structures compatible with legal requirements and fundamental freedoms by encouraging authorities to deeply consider the integration of these technologies by harmonising them with fundamental regulations.

Civil society can, in this regard, encourage discussions between citizens and state authorities and promote the existence of environments for discussion and collaboration, with the aim of finding solutions in the face of refusals or mistrust arising from decisions and governance policies that seem authoritarian or centralist, based on similar experiences to the case of Morocco. Civil society can reshape the relationship between citizens and authorities regarding the handling of issues related to the AMAN project by giving the latter more opportunities for success and at the same time conveying to citizens that their voices are heard and respected by decision-makers.

These citizen-authority interactions also allow for the improvement of governance frameworks by giving more priority to citizens’ concerns and fears, ultimately producing social and participatory frameworks that integrate citizen and state visions, transforming technologies into a critique of direct state solutions to consolidate security and centrality into participatory and responsible initiatives (Helbing, 2013).

Moreover, the contribution of citizens and civil society in this debate can, in addition to improving the frameworks, help draw institutional guarantees that make these frameworks not only compliant with the law and fundamental freedoms.  But also, in harmonisation with ethical requirements and moral guarantees against AI-based policing practices (Jagalur et al., 2018). It should be noted that civil society, although it presents respected opportunities that help improve the tasks and activities of urban security technologies based on AI potentials, also finds it difficult to fully convince the national and urban security supervisory authorities to accept its criticisms.  Because this civil society risks, in some cases, not having the capacity to present concise and rigorous reports due to the absence of experts and professionals within these organisations to convince the authorities about the feasibility and applicability of their criticisms and visions. 

Moreover, the lack of necessary expertise in civil activities can, in some cases, divert this civil society from civil objectives towards political auctions, which reduces the chances of being heard by the supervisory authorities.  So, to get out of this situation where civil society can be ignored, it is necessary to create spaces for cooperation and openness between the State and civil society in order to allow the latter to play its balancing role and also ensure that these civil organisations have access to training and analysis and study potentials to improve their levels of expertise and personnel.  Finally, it should be noted that although civil society suffers from several flaws hindering their path to becoming partners, it is believed that only civil society is capable of providing a framework that balances security requirements with ethical demands and rights and freedoms regarding technologies using AI potential and embedded in AMAN vehicles.

Conclusion

In our intervention, we addressed the questions and concerns of Moroccan civil society regarding the integration of surveillance technologies and AI-supported control in data collection and analysis within AMAN urban national security vehicles. Based on similar experiences in urban security technologies, we have demonstrated the promising potential of these technologies and their advantageous impacts on urban security and stability, including improving traffic and circulation, optimising energy resources, and combating and preventing crime. The benefits of these technologies are numerous and explain why Morocco insists on the massive integration of technologies and the digitisation of its urban infrastructure, as well as the country’s large-scale commitment to international initiatives for urban transformation and the digitisation of urban planning and management.

Alongside the challenges surrounding Morocco and encouraging decision-makers to fully integrate into projects, the country’s industrial base and hinterland, especially in the automotive sector, help it succeed in the bet of digitising secure vehicles and becoming a leader in the region and maximising the benefits of these projects. However, we have directed the analysis in this intervention towards the debate on the concerns of civil society and the analysis of this transformation in urban national security by highlighting the worries of these civil actors in politics and ethics and how these projects, in some cases of non-compliance with legal frameworks and freedoms, can disrupt the democratic operation and social stability and, in some contexts, can affect the transparency of political and governmental processes.

Moreover, surveillance and control supported by AI’s potential in data collection and analysis raise several ethical and legal questions, especially regarding data collection methods and the cybersecurity of these systems and their ability to ensure the confidentiality of analysis and processing processes. Civil society actors at the international level and also in Morocco are demanding these processes, expressing their concern about these projects aimed at transforming open public spaces into closed environments of surveillance and massive control. The risk of using these technological potentials of surveillance and control supported by AI is also present, demonstrating that the technical issue is no longer just the concern of civil society actors, as the abuse of these technologies by personnel can skew security operations in various ways, including the diversion of storage and analysis processes of collected information and using them in conspiracy processes, with cybersecurity challenges being the most frequent.

This weakness in guaranteeing and ensuring the transfer of personal data can, in the event of criminal use, lead to the destabilisation of specific urban areas and divert security operations from their primary objectives. These probabilities describe the critical situation where misuse can lead to excesses against certain social categories already in a vulnerable situation, encouraging urban inequalities and social discrimination, adding more security challenges to organisational capacities and institutional efforts to ensure stability and strengthen national and urban security. The prevention of these probabilities and the end of these implications on fundamental rights and freedoms, trust in local and central governance, requires vigilance on the part of experts and professionals in the civil field and a mobilisation of researchers and security decision-makers to fill the deep knowledge gaps on these issues and challenges in order to limit these excesses and intrusions and balance and perfect urban security operations.

We pointed out in our intervention the importance of the demands and reservations of Moroccan civil society regarding centralist applications generally biasing technologies from their goals and objectives of serving society towards particular complicities. The reservations of civil society should be taken into consideration because they contribute to the consolidation of citizens’ trust in national institutions and organisations, including the strengthening of accountability and respect for the law and rules. In addition, civil society, if it succeeds in delivering its voices, can also contribute to the establishment of clear governance frameworks that balance the interactions between security requirements and the proportionality of law and fundamental freedoms. We can consequently add that success in these objectives similarly leads to a balance between authoritarian surveillance and control modalities and the requirements of regulations related to privacy.

This means that civil society can recommend more flexible and balanced modalities to the supervisory authorities, ensuring the implementation of these AI-supported surveillance and control technologies to enhance urban security, while simultaneously institutionalising compromises and state promises to meet the requirements of safe and responsible navigation. The approach of engaging civil society, consequently, aims at integrating citizens into these processes to eliminate negative feelings fostering exclusivity towards specific individuals and social groups, and strengthening the commitment of authorities in collaborative and cooperative programs with civil entities to bring the uses of the technologies in question into compliance with legal and fundamental freedom requirements, as well as reinforcing trust in civil society’s social-oriented approach.

Finally, we can say that only the integration of an approach open to civil proposals and visions is the one that will succeed in urban planning aimed at improving public safety and social stability. It has become essential that stakeholders rise to the occasion in these collaborative processes by proposing concise and rigorous visions to ensure the integration of these technologies complies with the principles of law and fundamental freedoms without compromising the principles of openness and integration that Morocco embraces, to the detriment of the requirements of centrality and security.

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